Administrative Theories in Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Administrative Theories in Public Administration Essay I have never thought that administrative theories in Public Administration has been established back in 1800 with theorist who have discovered or developed and now has been part of the system of the Philippine government. The earliest contributors to our understanding of management theory included practicing managers as well as social scientist. More recent theorist has tended to be academic or management consultants. The early theorist can be divided into 2 main groups – the practicing managers such, as Taylors and Fayol and the social scientists, such as Mayo and Mc Gregor. Meet the Mr. Taylor, the theorist of Scientific Management. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), one of the early practical manager-theorist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, spent the greater part of his life working on the problems of achieving greater efficiency on the shop-floor where he manages. The solution he came up with was based directly on his own experience at work, initially as a shop floor worker and later as a manager. He pioneers scientific management which includes: The systematic study of the relationships between and tasks to redesign the work for higher efficiency. Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the way the task was done. Scientific Management Theory Organizations were seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs Machinery was changing the way goods were produced Managers had to increase the efficiency of the worker-task mix According to him, there are 4 Principles to increase efficiency that are: a. Study the way the job is performed now and determine new ways to do it. Gather detailed, time and motion information; try different methods to see which is best b. Codify the method into rules – Teach to all workers c. Select workers whose skills match the rules set in step2 d. Establish a fair level of performance and pay for higher performance – Workers should benefit from higher output But, Taylor recognizes that the measures he was proposing would appear to be more than just a new method – they would be revolutionary. He stated that the outset that â€Å"scientific management† would require a complete mental revolution on the part of management and workers. Henry Fayol (1841-1924) – father of modern management theory He divided industrial into 6 groups: technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting managerial And formulated the 14 Principles of management which we are using it every day in our daily activities, allow me to enumerate them and somehow expand a little. Division of Labor – allows for job specialization, Authority and responsibility – Fayol noted firms can have too much specialization leading to poor quality and worker involvement. Unity of command – employees should have one boss. Line of authority – a clear chain from top to bottom of the firm. Centralization – the degree to which authority rests at the very top. Unity of direction – one plan of action to guide the organization. Equity – treat all employees fairly in justice and respect. Order – each employee is put where they have the most value. Initiative – encourages innovation. Discipline – obedient, applied, respectful employees needed. Remuneration of Personnel – The payment system contributes to the success. Stability of nature – long term employment is important. General interest over personal interest – the organization takes precedence over the individual. Esprit de corps – share enthusiasm or devotion to the organization. I have added here some of the theorist I researched which I consider to be worth sharing. Mary Parker – an influential leader in early managerial theory. a. Suggested workers help in analyzing their jobs for improvements b. The worker knows the best way to improve the job c. If workers have the knowledge of the task, then they should control the task. The Hawthorne Studies It appears that the workers enjoyed the attention they received as part of the study and were more productive. Contingency Theory – Assumes there is no one best way to manage The environment impact the organization and managers must be flexible to react to environmental changes The way the organization is designed, control systems selected, depend on the environment Conclusion As management theories evolved in centuries, the principles and ideas were never changed yet it has been a guiding value to those who are in public nor private service and to those who are employed and business people. It’s amazing how they have passed on to many generations of people who wanted to learn and use the theories. The theories have been explicit in explanations and user-friendly, though there are theorists who have presented different thoughts on the earlier theorist but if we examine deeply, it’s all the same, only presented in different design. Before I end, I would just like to emphasize the last part of the theories because it speaks about our relationship with the environment and how we will relate environmental, Technological environments change rapidly so must managers.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays papers

The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne uses several different themes in his novel, The Scarlet Letter; one of the themes Hawthorne uses is sin. The Bible teaches that sin is bad and hated by God. The Bible also teaches that the greater the sin is, the greater the punishment is deserved. The characters deal with the sin of adultery. Hester Prynne, the adulteress while still being in wedlock with Roger Chillingworth; Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, the adulterer while still being a Reverend; and Roger Chillingworth, a man who lives only to seek revenge are the three characters that deal with this sin the most. Who commits the greater sin? Hester Prynne seems to be a person who can be trusted. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth [Prynne], sent her to New England to make a home for Roger’s return. Hester did get a home together. She lets her passion for Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, however, get in the way of what she really needed to be doing. Hester never lies about her sin with Dimmesdale, but she never fully comes out with the whole truth. â€Å"[The letter] is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine!† (51) Hester does not want to put Dimmesdale in a worse situation than he already is in, so she never gives his name as her fellow-sinner. Instead, she carries the shame for the both of them. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, a man of the cloth, lets his passion for Hester get in the way of his relationship with God. Dimmesdale wants to tell the townspeople that he is Hester’s fellow-sinner. Hester does not want him to because she does not want him to be shunned by his people. Not confessing causes his guilt to eat away at him. He tries to confess his sin to God, but never does. â€Å"[He is] kept silent by the very constitution of [his] nature...Guilty [is] as [he] may be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for God’s glory and man’s welfare, [he] shrinks from displaying [himself] black and filthy in the view of men...[he] goes about among [his] fellow-creatures looking pure as new-fallen snow while [his] heart [is] all speckled and spotted with iniquity of which [he] cannot rid [himself].† (101) Dimmesdale wants to reveal to his people his sin, but when he finally does, he dies shortly afterwards.

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Essay

WHAT IS FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS (FMCG)? FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) is a term that is used to refer to those goods which are sold through retail stores. These goods have a short period of shelf life and as such are used up within days, weeks, or months. TOP 7 FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS 1. PROCTOR & GAMBLE: Headquartered at Cincinnati in Ohio, United States, Procter and Gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational company. It was founded in October 31 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. Its flagship and best selling brand is ARIEL laundry detergent which was launched in 1967. This detergent is available in different variants. The company also manufactures other best selling products that are highly popular around the world. 2. NESTLÉ: Nestle is a Swiss multinational engaged in the production of different food products. It has its presence in more than 100 countries. It produces several top selling products in different food categories. Some of its best selling products are LEAN CUISINE, Maggi, Boost, Kit Kat, Friskies, and Nescafe etc. 3. UNILEVER: Unilever is a multinational engaged in the manufacture of different products like foods, personal grooming products, detergents and beverages etc. This British-Dutch company is the owner of over 400 leading brands in the world out of which 13 are billion dollar brands. One of its top products is  AVIANCE which is a beauty product for women. This product is sold in many countries of Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. 4. COCA-COLA: Coca-Cola Company which is based in Atlanta in Georgia manufactures the world’s most popular soft drink COCA COLA. It was Dr. John S. Pemberton who created this drink in 1886. Coca Cola touched base in every part of the US by 1895. The company began its franchisee operations in 1899 and gradually it opened up bottling plants in every corner of the globe. The universal popularity of Coca Cola is undisputed. The Coca Cola syrup mixed with carbonated water created ripples everywhere and today you can get a Coke in any part of the world. 5. PEPSICO: PepsiCo was created out of the amalgamation of two companies named Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay. The company which was formed in 1965 has its headquarters at Purchase in Harrison New York. It is a Fortune 500 company. PepsiCo is engaged in the manufacture of snack foods (grain based), beverages and other similar products. One of its best known brands is the cola beverage PEPSI-COLA. Created in 1893 its former name was ‘Brad’s Drink’. 6. BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO: Another multinational tobacco major is the British American Tobacco company which is the world’s second largest tobacco company. It sells its tobacco products in several top markets across the globe. Many world-famous cigarette brands are manufactured by BAT. One of its top selling cigarette brands is PALL MALL. Some other leading cigarette brands manufactured by the company are Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Vogue. 7 NOKIA: Nokia is a Finnish multinational engaged primarily in the manufacture of  mobile telephones. The company has its headquarters at Keilaniemi, Espoo which is near Helsinki, the capital of Finland. This mobile communication giant is the largest manufacturer of mobile telephones in the world. Its products are sold in every part of the world. Nokia has launched many innovative mobile systems and almost all its products have been hot sellers.

Graduation Speech Succeeding By Choice - 1297 Words

Succeeding By Choice When there is a lack of professors at a college or institution, many classes become over-capacitated. Some students find it very hard to completely understand what the professor is teaching because there are so many students in the class. For example, students could be disturbed by that one student always chomping on crunchy chips during the lesson, excessive gossiping from a group of students in the back of class, or maybe even by the way the teacher speaks or pronounces their words. Although an over capacitated class could be very disturbing, it is the student’s responsibility to find a way to intake all information needed to prepare for exams. There are many ways to prepare for an exam depending on how much time is spent studying, what area is used to study, and whether or not the student received the correct amount of sleep prior to the exam. The type of exam preparation that the college student uses depends on whether the student is over achieving, average, or carefree. T here are also many benefits and disadvantages that come along with being an over achieving, average, or carefree student. The over achiever prepares for exams by taking at least an hour out of their daily work to study for the exam weeks prior to the actual exam day. Studying weeks ahead allows the student to break down all information to completely understand it. Preparing individually assures that everything will be ready well in advance of the exam. In the over achiever’s studyShow MoreRelatedBarack Obama Speech At Wakefield High School1025 Words   |  5 Pages2009, Barack Obama delivered a speech at Wakefield High school. Obama’s main purpose of the speech was going back to school. I choose this speech because the obvious use of rhetorical evidence. Obama is the 44th and current president of the United States. 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