International Economics The Standard Trade Model

International Economics THE STANDARD TRADE MODEL The standard trade model is a model that does not rely solely and strongly on the supply side knowledge of an economy. In a distinct way, Specific factor model, the Heckscher-Ohlin model and the Ricardian model, are special cases of the Standard trade model †¢ Two goods: food represented by F and cloth represented by C †¢ Technology: production possibility frontier is bowed-out †¢ Relative price: such that PC/PF †¢ There is efficient level of production: one maximizes the output value given market prices: for example PF QF+ PC QC †¢ The Isovalue line: is the line such the value V as an output is constant: V = PF QF+ PC QC QF = V/ PF – (PC / PF) QC †¢ if we let DC and DF be consumption; then the economy’s consumption value is equal to the value of its production: V = PF QF +PC QC = PF DF + PC DC Efficiency in the level of consumption: the economy’s welfare is maximized by the one on the isovalue line. The economy exports one of the goods, and imports the other when the efficient level of consumption does not coincide with the efficient level of production. Assumptions âž ¢ There is an identical homothetic preference; that is exact aggregation possible. âž ¢ The Country s demands can be found using same indifference curves as â€Å"social ICs† âž ¢ A perfectly competitive market was assumed. Two countries, Home and Foreign are involved. âž ¢ Only two goods can be traded hence a bowed-out production possibility frontier. âž ¢ There is a constantShow MoreRelatedThe Gravity Model of Trade: Do Size and Distance Matter for the Exports of Japan?998 Words   |  4 PagesTHE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 1 Assignment 1: The Gravity Model Of Trade: Do Size And Distance Matter For The Exports Of Japan? THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 2 Abstract In the field of international economics, the gravity model for trade reveals that bilateral trade is directly proportional with the extent of the economy (usually expressed in GDP) and inversely proportional with the geographical distance between the analysed entities. The present report illustrates the model for the caseRead MoreInternational Factors and Multinational Corporations1724 Words   |  7 PagesRegional Trade Agreements and Global trade liberalization are common terms that are used to analyze different market structures in the market. 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Symptoms And Treatment Of Pregnancy - 1323 Words

A.M. was a 29-year-old mother who gave birth at 0836 on 11/20/14. Upon beginning the shift, she was being prepared for her cesarean section (c-section) at 0800. She was a G4P1PT2AB2L1 and was 36 weeks and one day at the beginning of the shift. A.M. had no known allergies and no latex allergy. She was O+ and Rubella immune. Her husband was present throughout the day supporting her at her bedside. M.A. had a history of type II diabetes, depression, hypertension, previous right cornual ectopic pregnancy, previous c-section, cholecystectomy, and salpingectomy. She was having a c-section due to the possible risk of tearing and bleeding from the previous ectopic pregnancy*. Mother planned on breastfeeding her baby with minor supplements of†¦show more content†¦Erythromycin and Vitamin K were given in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Baby’s blood sugar was thrity-nine and she was given 15cc of formula in NICU at 0900. A.M. attempted to breastfeed at 0900 but baby had diffic ulty latching. Back stimulation and skin to skin contact was used to encourage breastfeeding, but was unsuccessful. Due to A.M.’s size, mother struggled finding position in which baby could latch. Nursing Diagnosis Ineffective breastfeeding r/t prematurity and knowledge deficit AEB infant inability to latch and neonate remained asleep despite back stimulation and skin to skin contact Journal Application Nagulesapillai, McDonald, Fenton, Mercader Tough (2013) examined and compared breastfeeding difficulties that were attributable to the baby and mother/milk and exclusive breastfeeding between a group of late preterm (LP) infants and term infants. The results show that mothers of late preterm infants need increased support to establish successful breastfeeding outcomes and to ensure that these neonates receive the full benefits of breast milk. Also, late preterm infants were less likely to report exclusive breastfeeding at four months who were breastfeeding discharged, and late preterm status was an independent risk factor for breastfeeding difficulties attributable to the baby. This article relates to the diagnosis because the article analyzes infants that are

History Of The Computer Industry In America (2416 words) Essay Example For Students

History Of The Computer Industry In America (2416 words) Essay History Of The Computer Industry In AmericaMatchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!HistoryOf The Computer Industry In AmericaOnly once in a lifetime will a new inventioncome about to touchevery aspect of our lives. Sucha device that changes the way we work,live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done allthis and more now exists in nearly everybusiness in the U.S. and oneout of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention isthe computer. The electronic computerhas been around for over ahalf-century, but its ancestors have beenaround for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years hasit changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latesthigh-speed microprocessor,the computer has changed nearly everyaspect of peopleOs lives for thebetter. The very earliest existence of the modern day computerOsancestor is the abacus. These dateback to almost 2000 years ago. Itis simply a wooden rack holding parallelwires on which beads arestrung. When these beads are movedalong the wire according toprogramming rules that the user mustmemorize, all ordinary arithmeticoperations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation incomputers took place in 1694 when BlaisePascal invented the firstOdigital calculating machineO. It could only add numbers and they hadto be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help PascalOs fatherwho was a tax collector (Soma, 32). In the early 1800Os, a mathematics professor named CharlesBabbage designed an automatic calculationmachine. It was steam poweredand could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machinewere operations that included everythinga modern general-purposecomputer would need. It was programmedbyand stored data oncardswith holes punched in them, appropriatelycalled OpunchcardsO. Hisinventions were failures for the mostpart because of the lack ofprecision machining techniques used atthe time and the lack of demandfor such a device (Soma, 46). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there weregreat advances in mathematicsand physics that began to rekindle theinterest (Osborne, 45). Many ofthese new advances involved complex calculationsand formulas that werevery time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for acomputer in the U.S. was during the 1890census. Two men, HermanHollerith and James Powers, developeda new punched-card system thatcould automatically read information oncards without human intervention(Gulliver, 82). Since the populationof the U.S. was increasing sofast, the computer was an essential toolin tabulating the totals. These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soonled to the development of improved punch-cardbusiness-machine systemsby International Business Machines (IBM),Remington-Rand, Burroughs, andother corporations. By modern standardsthe punched-card machines wereslow, typically processing from 50 to250 cards per minute, with eachcard holding up to 80 digits. Atthe time, however, punched cards werean enormous step forward; they provideda means of input, output, andmemory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years followingtheir first use, punched-card machinesdid the bulk of the worldsbusiness computing and a good portionof the computing work in science(Chposky, 73). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become sowell established and reliable that HowardHathaway Aiken, incollaboration with engineers at IBM, undertookconstruction of a largeautomatic digital computer based on standardIBM electromechanicalparts. Aikens machine, called theHarvard Mark I, handled 23-digitnumbers and could perform all four arithmeticoperations. Also, it hadspecial built-in programs to handle logarithmsand trigonometricfunctions. The Mark I was controlledfrom prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electrictypewriter. It was slow,requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication,but it was fullyautomatic and could complete long computationswithout humanintervention (Chposky, 103). The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need forcomputing capability, especially for themilitary. New weapons systemswere produced which needed trajectorytables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley,and their associates at theUniversity of Pennsylvania decided tobuild a high-speed electroniccomputer to do the job. This machinebecame known as ENIAC, forElectrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply twonumbers at the rate of 300 products persecond, by finding the value ofeach product from a multiplication tablestored in its memory. ENIAC wasthus about 1,000 times faster than theprevious generation of computers(Dolotta, 47). ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 squarefeet of floor space, and used about 180,000watts of electricity. Itused punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult toprogram because one had to essentiallyre-wire it to perform whatevertask he wanted the computer to do. It was, however, efficient inhandling the particular programs for whichit had been designed. ENIACis generally accepted as the first successfulhigh-speed electronicdigital computer and was used in manyapplications from 1946 to 1955(Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical studyof computation thatdemonstrated that a computer could havea very simple and yet be able toexecute any kind of computation effectivelyby means of properprogrammed control without the need forany changes in hardware. VonNeumann came up with incredible ideasfor methods of building andorganizing practical, fast computers. I Have a Dream EssayMany companies, some new to the computerfield, introduced in the 1970sprogrammable minicomputers supplied withsoftware packages. Thesize-reduction trend continued with theintroduction of personalcomputers, which are programmable machinessmall enough and inexpensiveenough to be purchased and used by individuals(Rogers, 153). One of the first of such machines was introduced in January1975. Popular Electronics magazineprovided plans that would allow anyelectronics wizard to build his own small,programmable computer forabout $380 (Rose, 32). The computerwas called the OAltair 8800O. Itsprogramming involved pushing buttons andflipping switches on the frontof the box. It didnOt includea monitor or keyboard, and itsapplications were very limited (Jacobs,53). Even though, many orderscame in for it and several famous ownersof computer and softwaremanufacturing companies got their startin computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak,founders of Apple Computer,built a much cheaper, yet more productiveversion of the Altair andturned their hobby into a business (Fluegelman,16). After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computerindustry became a fierce battlegroundof competition. IBM had been thecomputer industry standard for well overa half-century. They heldtheir position as the standard when theyintroduced their first personalcomputer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975 (Chposky,156). However, the newlyformed Apple Computer company was releasingits own personal computer,the Apple II (The Apple I was the firstcomputer designed by Jobs andWozniak in WozniakOs garage, whichwas not produced on a wide scale). Software was needed to run the computersas well. Microsoft developed aDisk Operating System (MS-DOS) for theIBM computer while Appledeveloped its own software system (Rose,37). Because Microsoft had nowset the software standard for IBMs, everysoftware manufacturer had tomake their software compatible with MicrosoftOs. This would lead tohuge profits for Microsoft (Cringley,163). The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make thecomputer as affordable as possible whileincreasing speed, reliability,and capacity. Nearly every computermanufacturer accomplished this andcomputers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keepingtrack of inventories. Computerswere in colleges aiding students inresearch. Computers were in laboratoriesmaking complex calculations athigh speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made itsmark everywhere in society and built upa huge industry (Cringley, 174). The future is promising for the computer industry and itstechnology. The speed of processorsis expected to double every yearand a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are furtherperfected the prices of computer systemsare expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technologywill be increasing, itOshigher costs will offset the drop in priceof older processors. In otherwords, the price of a new computer willstay about the same from year toyear, but technology will steadily increase(Zachary, 42)Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grownfrom a standing start into one of thebiggest and most profitableindustries in the United States. It now comprises thousands ofcompanies, making everything from multi-milliondollar high-speedsupercomputers to printout paper and floppydisks. It employs millionsof people and generates tens of billionsof dollars in sales each year(Malone, 192). Surely, the computerhas impacted every aspect ofpeopleOs lives. It has affectedthe way people work and play. It hasmade everyoneOs life easier bydoing difficult work for people. Thecomputer truly is one of the most incredibleinventions in history. Works CitedChposky, James. Blue Magic. New York:Facts on File Publishing. 1988. Cringley, Robert X. Accidental Empires. Reading, MA: Addison WesleyPublishing, 1992. Dolotta, T.A. Data Processing: 1940-1985. New York: John Wiley Sons,1985. Fluegelman, Andrew. OA NewWorldO, MacWorld. San Jose, Ca: MacWorldPublishing, February, 1984 (Premire Issue). Hall, Peter. Silicon Landscapes. Boston: Allen Irwin, 1985Gulliver, David. Silicon Valey andBeyond. Berkeley, Ca: Berkeley AreaGovernment Press, 1981. Hazewindus, Nico. The U.S. MicroelectronicsIndustry. New York:Pergamon Press, 1988. Jacobs, Christopher W. OThe Altair8800O, Popular Electronics. NewYork: Popular Electronics Publishing,January 1975. Malone, Michael S. The Big Scare:The U.S. Coputer Industry. GardenCity, NY: Doubleday Co., 1985. Osborne, Adam. Hypergrowth. Berkeley, Ca: Idthekkethan PublishingCompany, 1984. Rogers, Everett M. Silicon ValeyFever. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishing, 1984. Rose, Frank. West of Eden. New York: Viking Publishing, 1989. Shallis, Michael. The Silicon Idol. New York: Shocken Books, 1984. Soma, John T. The History of theComputer. Toronto: Lexington Books,1976. Zachary, William. OThe Futureof ComputingO, Byte. Boston: BytePublishing, August 1994.

The Life of a Half Geek free essay sample

6:00AM. Time to rise and shine. Well, at the very least, time to rise. I start off the day with my monotonous morning routine of eating breakfast, brushing my teeth, getting dressed, and running out the door. After battling the morning traffic I reach my destination, Immaculate Heart Academy. I pull into the lot and head towards the school. As I’m reaching for the door to the school one of my friends stops me. â€Å"Sara!† she calls out desperately, laptop in hand, â€Å"My laptop keeps going black! Help me!† Looks like I will be playing the role of tech support today. I take her laptop and get working. First I check its â€Å"vital signs.† Laptop boots as normal, no unusual processes running. . . I shift with the laptop in my lap when â€Å"ping†, something falls to the floor. I shift to find what has fallen, but as soon as I move the screen goes black! I search for the object that fell and find a small screw. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of a Half Geek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This must be part of the laptop. I check the hardware and find that the plastic covering the hard drive is loose. That explains the problem! I find a screw driver and put the plastic piece back in its place. â€Å"All fixed!† I tell my friend ecstatically. â€Å"Riiiinnngggg.† Time for class. I sit through my classes and rush out the door when that long awaited end-of-the-day bell rings. I rush to beat the buses out of the parking lot and then cruise down the highway until I get home. Time for homework. I get it over quickly so that I can enjoy the rest of my night. Once I finish, I plop down on the couch with my laptop for some â€Å"me† time. I start off by checking my social networks. As usual, nothing interesting going on there. Time to work on my latest project: turning an old laptop into a digital photo frame. I start working on the hardware aspect of the project. Who knew that one of the hardest part would be finding a frame thick enough to hold the comp uter components? After working on my project for a bit it’s time for bed. I go through the inverse of my monotonous morning routine and get into bed. A good end to a great day. This is just a typical day in my life as a half-geek. My life is a balance of technology and friends. By making time for both, I get the unique opportunity of learning how to help others with their computer problems and giving them the tools they need to fix their computers in the future. Walking my friends through simple solutions as well as complex ones helps me improve both my patience and my computer skills. I love helping my friends out and seeing them improve over time. I am a typical teenager in many aspects of my life, but I am a geek as well, and I love it that way.